局部情感態(tài)度題

在我國的考研英語閱讀理解試卷中局部情感態(tài)度題極為罕見。在2003年和2004年連續(xù)兩年各考了2題，但是此前并沒有這樣的題型，而且在2005的試卷中也沒有考到。這個(gè)不能說明這樣的題型不重要，相反只能說明局部情感態(tài)度題是非常重要的，而且根據(jù)往年的得分統(tǒng)計(jì)來看，該題型得分非常低。究其原因是什么？我們先來研究這個(gè)幾個(gè)題目，最后再回答這個(gè)問題。

一、局部情感態(tài)度題與全文情感態(tài)度題的區(qū)別

兩者其實(shí)雖然都是情感態(tài)度題，但是在本質(zhì)上他們沒有什么共同之處，在全文情感態(tài)度題里所有不可能成為正確答案的選項(xiàng)在這里都可以成為正確答案。而且他們的解題方法沒有任何共同之處。他們唯一的共同點(diǎn)就是都是情感態(tài)度題。

二、局部情感態(tài)度題的解題步驟

（一）根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；

（二）在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；

（三）比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語最為接近的選項(xiàng)；

三、局部情感態(tài)度題歷年真題解析

例1、In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.

Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when　another railroad is competing for the business.

Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.

Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes.

still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.

Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.

52.What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?（2003）

（A）Indifferent. （B） Supportive. （C） Indignant. （D）Apprehensive.

【解析】：

第一步：根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；根據(jù)該題的題干，我們可以依據(jù)many captive shippers找到本題目的出題句（得分句）為最后一段的第一句話。

第二步：在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；在最后一段的第一句中我們找到了worry這個(gè)單詞；

第三步：比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語最為接近的選項(xiàng)；發(fā)現(xiàn)D不僅有理解的意思，還有憂慮的意思，因此本題選D;

例2、It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.

Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

In 1950, the U. S. spent $12. 7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”， so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.

I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and

remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.

Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.

I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.

58.The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of .（2003）

（A） strong disapproval （B） reserved consent　（C） slight contempt （D） enthusiastic support

【解析】：

第一步：根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；根據(jù)該題的題干，我們可以依據(jù)Richard Lamm's remark找到本題目的出題句（得分句）為第三段的最后一句話，但是這句話里并沒有作者的情感態(tài)度，只有Richard

Lamm的看法，因此本句不是出題句（得分句），但是可以肯定的是出題句就是該句附近。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在第四段第一句話說I would not go that far.這里的I就是指作者，that是指Richard Lamm的看法，所以本句才是真正的出題句；

第二步：在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；這個(gè)句子中沒有一個(gè)單詞是有感情色彩的，但是作為一個(gè)整體又是有感情色彩的，意思是作者不會(huì)和Richard Lamm走一樣遠(yuǎn)的。不會(huì)走一樣遠(yuǎn)并不是說不走，只是說沒有走的那么遠(yuǎn)，所以作者對(duì)于Richard Lamm的看法是局部的同意和支持的；

第三步：比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語最為接近的選項(xiàng)；因此本題應(yīng)該選擇B。